Comprehensive List of Irregular Verbs in English							English-SpanishSpanish-English		See explanatory notes below

178 Irregular verbs and 95 combining forms

NUM	FREQ	BASE FORM	INFINITIVE	PRESENT	PRES PARTICIPLE	PAST SIMPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE	VOWELS	CONSONANT
001	0002	be (Aux.)	to be	am/are, is	being	were, was	been	1@1	+N
002	1628	bear	to bear (2)	bear, bears	bearing	bore	borne / born (passive)	122	+N
003	1040	beat	to beat	beat, beats	beating	beat	beaten	111	+N
004	0164	begin	to begin	begin, begins	beginning1	began	begun	123	N
005	2213	bend	to bend (1)	bend, bends	bending	bent	bent	111	D>T
006	5000+	beseech	to beseech	beseech, beseeches	beseeching	besought	besought	122	+T
007	2722	bet	to bet	bet, bets	betting1	bet	bet	111	T
008	4107	bid	to bid (2)	bid, bids	bidding1	bade / bid	bidden / bid	121, 111	+N, D
009	2519	bind	to bind (1)	bind, binds	binding	bound	bound	122	D
010	3179	bite	to bite	bite, bites	biting	bit	bitten	122	+N
011	5000+	bleed	to bleed	bleed, bleeds	bleeding	bled	bled	122	D
012	3822	blow	to blow	blow, blows	blowing	blew	blown	121	+N
013	0495	break	to break	break, breaks	breaking	broke	broken	122	+N
014	5000+	breed	to breed	breed, breeds	breeding	bred	bred	122	D
015	0216	bring	to bring	bring, brings	bringing	brought	brought	122	+T
016	0409	build	to build (1)	build, builds	building	built	built	111	D>T
017	1429	burn	to burn	burn, burns	burning	burnt / burned	burnt / burned	111, Reg	+T
018	3594	burst	to burst	burst, bursts	bursting	burst	burst	111	T
019	0398	buy	to buy	buy, buys	buying	bought	bought	122	+T
020	0037	can (Aux.)	Modal aux.	can	-	could	-	Modal
021	2052	cast	to cast (5)	cast, casts	casting	cast	cast	111	T
022	4271	catch	to catch	catch, catches	catching	caught	caught	122	+T
023	5000+	chide	to chide	chide, chides	chiding	chid	chidden	122	+N
024	0601	choose	to choose	choose, chooses	choosing	chose	chosen	122	+N
025	5000+	cleave	to cleave	cleave, cleaves	cleaving	clove / cleft / cleaved	cloven / cleft / cleaved	122, Reg	+N, +T
026	4656	cling	to cling	cling, clings	clinging	clung	clung	122
027	1440	clothe	to clothe	clothe, clothes	clothing	clad / clothed	clad / clothed	122, Reg	+D
028	0070	come	to come (2)	come, comes	coming	came	come	121
029	1121	cost	to cost	cost, costs	costing	cost	cost	111	T
030	0071	could (Aux.)	Modal aux.	could	-	-	-	Modal
031	5000+	creep	to creep	creep, creeps	creeping	crept	crept	122	+T
032	1505	cut	to cut	cut, cuts	cutting1	cut	cut	111	T
033	0675	deal	to deal	deal, deals	dealing	dealt5	dealt	122	+T
034	2484	dig	to dig (1)	dig, digs	digging1	dug	dug	122
035	5000+	dive	to dive	dive, dives	diving	dived / dove	dived	121, Reg
036	0018	do (Aux.)	to do (4)	do, does	doing	did	done	123	+N
037	0593	draw	to draw (3)	draw, draws	drawing	drew	drawn	121	+N
038	0993	dream	to dream	dream, dreams	dreaming	dreamt5 / dreamed	dreamt / dreamed	122, Reg	+T
039	1238	drink	to drink	drink, drinks	drinking	drank	drunk	123
040	1448	drive	to drive	drive, drives	driving	drove	driven	123	+N
041	5000+	dwell	to dwell	dwell, dwells	dwelling2	dwelt / dwelled	dwelt / dwelled	111, Reg	+T
042	0544	eat	to eat (2)	eat, eats	eating	ate	eaten	121	+N
043	1013	fall	to fall (1)	fall, falls	falling2	fell	fallen	121	+N
044	1324	feed	to feed	feed, feeds	feeding	fed	fed	122	D
045	3972	feel	to feel	feel, feels	feeling	felt	felt	122	+T
045	0677	fight	to fight	fight, fights	fighting	fought	fought	122	T
047	0095	find	to find	find, finds	finding	found	found	122	D
048	1356	fit	to fit	fit, fits	fitting1	fit / fitted	fit / fitted	111, Reg	T
049	2965	flee	to flee	flee, flees	fleeing	fled	fled	122	+D
050	5000+	fling	to fling	fling, flings	flinging	flung	flung	122
051	0946	fly	to fly (1)	fly, flies	flying	flew	flown	123	+N
052	5000+	forsake	to forsake	forsake, forsakes	forsaking	forsook	forsaken	121	+N
053	2831	freeze	to freeze (2)	freeze, freezes	freezing	froze	frozen	122	+N
054	0039	get	to get (2)	get, gets	getting1	got	got / gotten	122	+N
055	5000+	gird	to gird (1)	gird, girds	girding	girt	girt	111	D>T
056	0098	give	to give (1)	give, gives	giving	gave	given	121	+N
057	0035	go	to go (1)	go, goes	going	went	gone	1@2	+N
058	5000+	grind	to grind	grind, grinds	grinding	ground	ground	122	D
059	0354	grow	to grow (3)	grow, grows	growing	grew	grown	121	+N
060	0870	hang	to hang (1)	hang, hangs	hanging	hung	hung	122
061	0008	have (Aux.)	to have	have, has	having	had	had	111	+D
062	0195	hear	to hear (2)	hear, hears	hearing	heard	heard	122	+D
063	5000+	hew	to hew	hew, hews	hewing	hewed	hewn / hewed	111, Reg	+N
064	1261	hide	to hide	hide, hides	hiding	hid	hidden	122	+N
065	0536	hit	to hit	hit, hits	hitting1	hit	hit	111	T
066	0214	hold	to hold (2)	hold, holds	holding	held	held	122	D
067	1143	hurt	to hurt	hurt, hurts	hurting	hurt	hurt	111	T
068	0156	keep	to keep	keep, keeps	keeping	kept	kept	122	+T
069	4986	kneel	to kneel	kneel, kneels	kneeling	knelt	knelt	122	+T
070	5000+	knit	to knit	knit, knits	knitting1	knit / knitted	knit / knitted	111, Reg	T
071	0047	know	to know (1)	know, knows	knowing	knew	known	121	+N
000	0805	lay	to lay 6	lay, lays	laying	laid	laid	Reg
072	0319	lead	to lead (1)	lead, leads	leading	led	led	122	D
073	1530	lean	to lean	lean, leans	leaning	leant5 / leaned	leant / leaned	122, Reg	+T
074	3655	leap	to leap	leap, leaps	leaping	leapt / leaped	leapt5 / leaped	122, Reg	+T
075	0305	learn	to learn	learn, learns	learning	learnt / learned	learnt / learned	122, Reg	+T
076	0150	leave	to leave	leave, leaves	leaving	left	left	122	+T
077	3583	lend	to lend	lend, lends	lending	lent	lent	111	D>T
078	0159	let	to let (1)	let, lets	letting1	let	let	111	T
079	0752	lie	to lie (2)	lie, lies	lying3	lay	lain	122	+N
000	0752	lie	to lie 6	lie, lies	lying3	lied	lied	Reg
080	2417	light	to light (1)	light, lights	lighting	lit / lighted	lit / lighted	122, Reg	T
081	0284	lose	to lose	lose, loses	losing	lost	lost	122	+T
082	0045	make	to make (2)	make, makes	making	made	made	111	+D
083	0119	may (Aux.)	Modal aux.	may	-	-	-	Modal
084	0154	mean	to mean	mean, means	meaning	meant5	meant	122	+T
085	0289	meet	to meet	meet, meets	meeting	met	met	122	+T
086	0175	might (Aux.)	Modal aux	might	-	-	-	Modal
087	5000+	mow	to mow	mow, mows	mowing	mowed	mown / mowed	111, Reg	+N
088	0224	must (Aux.)	Modal aux.	must	-	-	-	Modal
000	0287	pay	to pay 6	pay, pays	paying	paid	paid	Reg
089	3556	plead	to plead	plead, pleads	pleading	pled	pled	122	D
090	0869	prove	to prove	prove, proves	proving	proved	proven / proved	111, Reg	+N
091	0151	put	to put (2)	put, puts	putting1	put	put	111	T
092	2546	quit	to quit	quit, quits	quitting1	quit	quit	111	T
093	0338	read	to read (1)	read, reads	reading	read5	read5	122	D
094	5000+	rend	to rend	rend, rends	rending	rent	rent	111	D>T
095	3066	rid	to rid	rid, rids	ridding1	rid	rid	111	D
096	1290	ride	to ride (1)	ride, rides	riding	rode	ridden	123	+N
097	2397	ring	to ring	ring, rings	ringing	rang	rung	123
098	0728	rise	to rise (1)	rise, rises	rising	rose	risen	123	+N
099	0202	run	to run (3)	run, runs	running1	ran	run	121	N
100	5000+	saw	to saw	saw, saws	sawing	sawed	sawn / sawed	111, Reg	+N
000	0019	say	to say 6	say, says4	saying	said4	said	Reg
101	0067	see	to see (2)	see, sees	seeing	saw	seen	121	+N
102	4094	seek	to seek	seek, seeks	seeking	sought	sought	122	+T
103	0444	sell	to sell (2)	sell, sells	selling2	sold	sold	122	+D
104	0405	send	to send	send, sends	sending	sent	sent	111	D>T
105	0295	set	to set (2)	set, sets	setting1	set	set	111	T
106	5000+	sew	to sew	sew, sews	sewing	sewed	sewn sewed	111, Reg	+N
107	0945	shake	to shake	shake, shakes	shaking	shook	shaken	121	+N
108	2217	shall (Aux.)	Modal aux.	shall [1st pers, S & P only]	-	-	-	Modal
109	5000+	shave	to shave	shave, shaves	shaving	shaved	shaven / shaved	111, Reg	+N
110	5000+	shear	to shear	shear, shears	shearing	sheared	shorn / sheared	112, Reg	+N
111	4402	shed	to shed	shed, sheds	shedding1	shed	shed	111	D
112	1430	shoe	to shoe	shoe, shoes	shoeing	shod	shod	122	+D
113	3415	shine	to shine (1)	shine, shines	shining	shone	shone	122	N
114	0733	shoot	to shoot (3)	shoot, shoots	shooting	shot	shot	122	T
115	0121	should (Aux.)	Modal aux.	should	-	-	-	Modal
116	0177	show	to show	show, shows	showing	showed	shown / showed	111, Reg	+N
117	4526	shrink	to shrink	shrink, shrinks	shrinking	shrank	shrunk	123
118	1550	shut	to shut	shut, shuts	shutting1	shut	shut	111	T
119	1016	sing	to sing	sing, sings	singing	sang	sung	123
120	2834	sink	to sink	sink, sinks	sinking	sank	sunk	123
121	0269	sit	to sit	sit, sits	sitting1	sat	sat	122	T
122	5000+	slay	to slay	slay, slays	slaying	slew	slain	121	+N
123	1176	sleep	to sleep (1)	sleep, sleeps	sleeping	slept	slept	122	+T
124	2193	slide	to slide	slide, slides	sliding	slid	slid	122	D
125	5000+	sling	to sling	sling, slings	slinging	slung	slung	122
126	5000+	slink	to slink	slink, slinks	slinking	slunk	slunk	122
127	5000+	slit	to slit	slit, slits	slitting1	slit	slit	111	T
128	2412	smell	to smell	smell, smells	smelling2	smelt / smelled	smelt / smelled	122, Reg	+T
129	5000+	smite	to smite	smite, smites	smiting	smote	smitten	123	+N
130	4609	sneak	to sneak	sneak, sneaks	sneaking	snuck / sneaked	snuck / sneaked	122, Reg
131	5000+	sow	to sow	sow, sows	sowing	sowed	sown / sowed	111, Reg	+N
132	0336	speak	to speak (1)	speak, speaks	speaking	spoke	spoken	122	+N
133	4344	spell	to spell	spell, spells	spelling2	spelt / spelled	spelt / spelled	111, Reg	+T
134	0343	spend	to spend (3)	spend, spends	spending	spent	spent	111	D>T
135	3705	spill	to spill	spill, spills	spilling2	spilt / spilled	spilt / spilled	111, Reg	+T
136	5000+	spoil	to spoil	spoil, spoils	spoiling	spoilt / spoiled	spoilt / spoiled	111, Reg	+T
137	2666	spin	to spin	spin, spins	spinning1	spun / span	spun	122, 123	N
138	4984	spit	to spit	spit, spits	spitting2	spat / spit	spit	121, 111	T
139	1378	spread	to spread	spread, spreads	spreading	spread	spread	111	D
140	4089	spring	to spring	spring, springs	springing	sprang / sprung	sprung	123, 122
141	0282	stand	to stand (2)	stand, stands	standing	stood	stood	122	D
142	1798	steal	to steal	steal, steals	stealing	stole	stolen	122	+N
143	1213	stick	to stick	stick, sticks	sticking	stuck	stuck	122
144	5000+	sting	to sting	sting, stings	stinging	stung	stung	122
145	5000+	stink	to stink	stink, stinks	stinking	stank	stunk	123
146	5000+	strew	to strew	strew, strews	strewing	strewed	strewn	111	+N
147	5000+	stride	to stride	stride, strides	striding	strode	stridden	123	+N
148	1148	strike	to strike	strike, strikes	striking	struck	struck / stricken	122, 123	+N
149	2693	string	to string (1)	string, strings	stringing	strung	strung	122
150	5000+	strive	to strive	strive, strives	striving	strove	striven	123	+N
151	1148	swear	to swear (1)	swear, swears	swearing	swore	sworn	122	+N
152	3734	sweat	to sweat	sweat, sweats	sweating	sweat / sweated	sweat / sweated	111, Reg
153	2663	sweep	to sweep	sweep, sweeps	sweeping	swept	swept	122	+T
154	4923	swell	to swell	swell, swells	swelling2	swelled	swollen / swelled	112, Reg	+N
155	2871	swim	to swim (1)	swim, swims	swimming1	swam	swum	123
156	2477	swing	to swing	swing, swings	swinging	swung	swung	122
157	0063	take	to take (5)	take, takes	taking	took	taken	121	+N
158	0546	teach	to teach	teach, teaches	teaching	taught	taught	122	+T
159	2248	tear	to tear	tear, tears	tearing	tore	torn	122	+N
160	0103	tell	to tell (2)	tell, tells	telling2	told	told	122	+D
161	0056	think	to think (1)	think, thinks	thinking	thought	thought	122	+T
162	4681	thrive	to thrive	thrive, thrives	thriving	throve / thrived	thriven / thrived	123, Reg	+N
163	0678	throw	to throw (1)	throw, throws	throwing	threw	thrown	121	+N
164	5000+	thrust	to thrust	thrust, thrusts	thrusting	thrust	thrust	111	T
165	5000+	tread	to tread	tread, treads	treading	trod	trodden1	122	+N
000	0127	try	to try 6	try, tries	trying	tried4	tried	Reg
166	1778	wake	to wake (3)	wake, wakes	waking	woke	woken	122	+N
167	0519	wear	to wear	wear, wears	wearing	wore	worn	122	+N
168	4947	weave	to weave	weave, weaves	weaving	wove / weaved	woven / weaved	122, Reg	+N
169	5000+	wed	to wed	wed, weds	wedding1	wed / wedded	wed / wedded	111, Reg	D
170	5000+	weep	to weep	weep, weeps	weeping	wept	wept	122	+T
171	2491	wet	to wet	wet, wets	wetting1	wet / wetted	wet / wetted	111, Reg	T
000	1506	will	to will 6	will, wills	willing2	willed	willed	Reg
172	0048	will (Aux.)	Modal aux.	will	-	-	-	Modal
173	0362	win	to win	win, wins	winning1	won	won	122	N
174	2686	wind	to wind (3)	wind, winds	winding	wound	wound	122	D
175	0041	would (Aux.)	Modal aux.	would	-	would	-	Modal
176	5000+	wring	to wring	wring, wrings	wringing	wrung	wrung	122
177	0117	work	to work (2)	work, works	working	worked / wrought	worked / wrought	122, Reg	T
178	0229	write	to write (3)	write, writes	writing	wrote	written	123	+N
002	5000+	forbear	to bear
002	5000+	overbear	to bear
005	5000+	unbend	to bend
008	4750	forbid	to bid					121	+N
008	5000+	outbid	to bid					111	D
009	5000+	unbind	to bind
016	3826	rebuild	to build
021	5000+	backcast	to cast
021	4853	broadcast	to cast
021	5000+	forecast	to cast
021	5000+	recast	to cast
021	5000+	telecast	to cast
028	0139	become	to come
028	2730	overcome	to come
034	5000+	undig	to dig
036	5000+	outdo	to do
036	5000+	overdo	to do
036	5000+	redo	to do
036	5000+	undo	to do
037	5000+	overdraw	to draw
037	5000+	redraw	to draw
037	2810	withdraw	to draw
042	5000+	overeat	to eat
042	5000+	undereat	to eat
043	5000+	befall	to fall
051	5000+	overfly	to fly
053	5000+	refreeze	to freeze
053	5000+	unfreeze	to freeze
054	5000+	beget	to get
054	0875	forget	to get
055	5000+	undergird	to gird
056	3629	forgive	to give
057	5000+	forgo	to go
059	5000+	outgrow	to grow
059	5000+	regrow	to grow
059	5000+	overgrow	to grow
060	5000+	overhang	to hang
062	5000+	mishear	to hear
062	5000+	overhear	to hear
066	5000+	behold	to hold
066	5000+	uphold	to hold
071	5000+	foreknow	to know
072	5000+	mislead	to lead
074	5000+	overleap	to leap
078	5000+	sublet	to let
079	5000+	overlie	to lie
080	5000+	relight	to light
082	5000+	remake	to make
082	5000+	unmake	to make
091	4160	input	to put
091	4122	output	to put
093	5000+	reread	to read
096	5000+	override	to ride
098	2603	arise	to rise
099	5000+	outrun	to run
099	5000+	rerun	to run
101	5000+	foresee	to see
101	4094	oversee	to see
103	5000+	oversell	to sell
103	5000+	undersell	to sell
105	5000+	beset	to set
105	3417	upset	to set
113	5000+	outshine	to shine
114	5000+	outshoot	to shoot
114	5000+	overshoot	to shoot
114	5000+	undershoot	to shoot
123	5000+	oversleep	to sleep
132	5000+	bespeak	to speak
134	5000+	outspend	to spend
134	5000+	overspend	to spend
134	5000+	underspend	to spend
141	0321	understand	to stand
141	5000+	withstand	to stand
149	5000+	hamstring	to string
151	5000+	foreswear	to swear
155	5000+	outswim	to swim
157	1436	mistake	to take
157	5000+	overtake	to take
157	5000+	partake	to take
157	5000+	retake	to take
157	4077	undertake	to take
160	5000+	foretell	to tell
160	????	retell	to tell
161	5000+	rethink	to think
163	5000+	overthrow	to throw
166	4699	awake	to wake
166	5000+	awaken	to wake
166	5000+	waken	to wake
174	5000+	overwind	to wind
174	5000+	rewind	to wind
174	5000+	unwind	to wind
177	5000+	overwork	to work
177	5000+	rework	to work
178	5000+	overwrite	to write
178	5000+	rewrite	to write
178	5000+	underwrite	to write

GENERAL NOTES:

1. This list is designed to help you understand English irregular verbs systematically, by giving you an overview of their pronunciation, spelling and origin.
   
   The pronunciation of the three main forms of regular verbs (1: Base Form, 3: Simple Past and 4: Past Participle) is determined by the phonetic rules of vowel reduction and pronunciation of terminal consonants:
   
   

   • NUM	FREQ	BASE FORM	INFINITIVE	PRESENT	PRES PARTICIPLE	PAST SIMPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE	VOWELS	CONSONANT
     120	2834	1: sink	to sink	sink, sinks	sinking	3: sank	4: sunk	123

     This is a type 123 vowel change, with no added or changed final consonant in the Past participle.
   • unvoiced consonants are followed by an unvoiced terminal t sound in the Past Simple and Past Participle ending (written -ed), and an unvoiced s sound in the Third person Singular Present (3PSP),
   • voiced consonants are followed by a voiced d sound in the Past Simple and Past Participle ending (written -ed), and a voiced z sound in the 3PSP,
   • dental consonants d and t are both followed by a voiced d sound with reduced e vowel in the Past Simple and Past Participle ending (written -ed),
   • terminal sibilants (s, z, sh, ch, tsh, dj) are all followed by voiced z sound with reduced e vowel sound in the 3PSP (written -es).
   
   By sorting on VOWEL and CONSONANT fields you will see irregular verbs grouped together by these phonetic rules.
   The focus on verbs where the Past Participle ends in a t or a d sound (in all irregular verbs spelt accordingly) shows their similarity to the pronunciation of regular verbs, and the distinction of verbs in which the Past Participle ends in an n sound reflects the Old English and Germanic language origin of these verbs.


2. Changed spelling rules which affect pronunciation are footnoted. (1-6)


3. Some verbs normally considered irregular are classified as regular here (lay, lie (tell untruth), pay, say, try) because they obey spelling changes of otherwise regular verbs:
   
   
   • y changes to i to add -es or -ed and
   • ie changes to y to add -ing.
   
   
   They are usually considered "irregular" because they are very common, and so short that the altered spelling rules are not immediately obvious and learners often have difficulty with them. For this reason the vowel changes and Past participle final consonant are not listed - they are regular verbs. Says is pronounced irregularly (compare pays), as is does (compare goes). They are numbered 000 so they do not affect the number and sort order of verbs. To group them together sort on the VOWEL column.


4. Anomalies such as read/read/have read and lead/led/have led are footnoted also - the latter is today undergoing change as American school children in the 1990's were taught that read is the model, where pronunciation of the Past Simple and Past Participle changes even though the spelling remains the same, and lead should follow that same pattern. This has not however changed the spelling and pronunciation of the noun for the metal lead. Hence many journalists and public figures today are increasingly writing lead and have lead for the Past Simple and Perfect tenses, to the confusion or consternation of British, Australian and other readers who use the "correct" form led.


5. Some verbs included in other lists of irregular verbs because they are so common, are not included as base verbs here, but as combining forms of the base form they follow (become (under come), forget (under get), forgive (under give), mistake (under take), understand (under stand) &c.) To group them with their base verb sort on the NUM column (combining forms have the same number as the base verb). They will appear above or below the base verb depending on their base form in alphabetical order. If a combining form verb follows an alternate pattern to the vowel or consonant endings in the Past Simple or Past Pariciple, the Vowel and Consonant pattern of the combining verb are shown (forbid, outbid). This ensures the true number of irregular verbs is shown, and that all variations are described.


6. Click on the Base Form link to open the Word Reference online Dictionary for Spanish meanings and other information.


7. A number in brackets following the Infinitive indicates (5) the number of combined forms or other irregular verbs based on the base verb. Details of their use are found in the link in the Infinitive column.


8. Click on the Infinitive link to open this site's display of tense forms, explanation of meanings, combining forms and their meanings, phrasal verb variants, and idioms using these verbs (under construction).


9. Click on the FREQ field to sort entries (including combined forms) in Frequency order. This will indicate the most important irregular verbs to learn. Frequency is based on the NGSL 5000 most frequently used words in English list included in this site.


10. Where alternate forms of any verb part are shown after a slash /, the FIRST is the more frequent.


11. Irregular forms are shown in bold (green). Other form are regular.


12. Final Past Participle consonants of regular verbs are not shown because pronunciation of final -ed (as t or d or id) is determined normally by the previous consonant.


13. If an alternative regular conjugation of the verb is indicated, the Vowel changes and Past Participle consonants shown in the last two columns apply only to the irregular forms, in the order shown.

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LEGEND:

• Modal - The verb is modal - it has no infinitive or tense other than can and could where referring to ABILITY only.
• Reg - Alternative regular forms shown are commoner in US English.
• 111 - Stem vowel changes from Base Form, Past Simple, Past Participle - 111 means no change, therefore tense is determined solely by context.
• 121 - Stem vowel changes from Base Form, Past Simple, Past Participle - 121 means vowel in Past Simple changes only, and reverts to Base Form vowel in Past Participle.
• 122 - Stem vowel changes from Base Form, Past Simple, Past Participle - 122 means vowel in changes from Base Form and is the same in the Past Simple and Past Participle.
• 123 - Stem vowel changes from Base Form, Past Simple, Past Participle - 123 means vowel in each form is different.
• 122+N, +T, Reg - In this case the Past Participle may have either a terminal n or a terminal t, or be conjugated regularly.
• 1@1+N - be has anomalous forms in the Present and Past.
• 1@2+N - go has anomalous form in the Past.
• +D - a consonant (d) sound added to the Past Participle that is not the terminating consonant of the Base Form.
• +T - a consonant (t) sound added to the Past Participle that is not the terminating consonant of the Base Form.
• +N- a consonant (n) sound added to the Past Participle that is not the terminating consonant of the Base Form.
• D>T - the final consonant in the Base Form (d) changes to a t in the Past Participle.
• D - final consonant of the Past Participle (d) is the same as terminating consonant of the Base Form.
• T - final consonant of the Past Participle (t) is the same as terminating consonant of the Base Form.
• N - final consonant of the Past Participle (n) is the same as terminating consonant of the Base Form - it is not an added n.

FOOTNOTES:

Footnotes draw attention to the following regular spelling-related pronunciation rules:

• 1 Final single consonant following a short stem vowel doubled to maintain stem vowel short. After a long vowel or diphthong the final consonant is not doubled.
• 2 When the final stem consonant sound is l, it is always doubled in the stem, and remains doubled before endings.
• 3 Regular verb spelling rule: ie changed to y before adding -ing.
• 4 Regular verb spelling rule: y changed to i before adding -ed.
• 5 Change of pronunciation to e, but spelling unchanged, to avoid appearing as the color red. (see by contrast lead). In all other cases ea pronounced as a short e when a terminal t is added (dealt, dreamt, leant, leapt, meant).
• 6 Regular verbs included to compare with similar looking irregulars, or because above spelling phonetic spelling rules make them look irregular. NOTE: The pronunciation of says (sez) and said (sed) is irregular - compare with pays (peɪz) and paid (peɪd).

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